In Malaysia, materials suitable for producing organic fertilizers mainly include agricultural wastes, industrial by-products, and animal wastes. These materials can be transformed through bioconversion technologies into fertilizers rich in organic matter and nutrients. Here are some specific materials and their characteristics:

1. Empty Fruit Bunches from Oil Palm
   • Source: Waste from palm oil production.
   • Characteristics: The potassium content typically ranges from 2.5% to 3.5%. After high-temperature carbonization or anaerobic fermentation, potassium exists mainly as potassium oxide, with content increasing to 5% to 8%.
   • Application: It is one of the primary raw materials for biomass-based organic potassium fertilizers in Malaysia.
2. Palm Oil Mill Effluent
   • Source: Wastewater generated during palm oil production.
   • Characteristics: The solid residue obtained after evaporation and concentration contains approximately 4% to 6% potassium. It needs to be mixed with plant ash to enhance its fertilizer efficiency.
   • Application: Used as a raw material for organic fertilizers to help increase potassium levels in the soil.
3. Coconut Shells
   • Source: Waste from coconut processing.
   • Characteristics: After crushing and microbial decomposition, the release rate of potassium increases to over 75%, with water-soluble potassium accounting for 1.2% to 2.1% in the final product.
   • Application: Coconut shell meal can also be used as a feed ingredient, while its residues are suitable for producing organic fertilizers.
4. Cassava Dregs
   • Source: Waste from cassava starch production.
   • Characteristics: After composting, the humus contains approximately 0.8% to 1.5% total potassium. Combining it with wood ash can increase the proportion of readily available potassium.
   • Application: Helps improve soil structure and enhance soil fertility.
5. Black Soldier Fly Larvae Frass
   • Source: Waste produced by black soldier fly larvae after processing food waste or animal manure.
   • Characteristics: Rich in organic matter and nutrients, it is a natural organic fertilizer.
   • Application: In Malaysia, black soldier fly farming projects have received government support, and the frass from larvae shows promising potential as a raw material for organic fertilizers.
6. Livestock and Poultry Manure
   • Source: Waste from the livestock and poultry industry.
   • Characteristics: Rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients, it is an important raw material for producing organic fertilizers.
   • Application: Through composting, pathogens and harmful bacteria can be eliminated, resulting in high-quality compost.